D.C. Motor

D.C. Motor

A machine that converts electrical power to mechanical power is known as DC motor. Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field the conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and magnitude is given by F=BIL newton.

Basically there is no constructional different between DC motor and DC generator. The same machine can work as generator and motor. A DC machine work as a DC generator when it is driven by prime mover. The same machine work as DC motor when electrical energy is supplied to it.

Operating principle

The operating principle of the DC motor is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, force is developed on its ends. The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and the magnitude of force is given by F=BIL newton.

Application of DC motor

An application of D. C. Motors doesn’t indicate the use only, it means why and where we use a D. C. Motor.

As we all know D. C. Motors are of three types: -

Shunt Motors

Series Motors

Compound Motor

Shunt Motors

There are three kind of character sticks for a motor viz. Speed-Torque, Speed-Current and Torque-Current characteristics. After analyzing all three characteristics for D. C. Shunt Motor it is observed that it is an approximately constant speed motor. It is therefore, used where

The speed is required to remain almost constant from no-load condition to full load-condition.

The load has to be driven at a number of prefer and any one of which is required to remain nearly constant.

Industrial Use: - Lathes, Drills, Boring Mills, Shapers, Spinning and Weaving Machines etc.

Series Motors:

After analyzing all three characteristics for D. C. Series Motor it is observed that it is a variable speed motor. It means speed it low at high torque and vice-versa. However, at light or no-load, the motor tends to attain dangerously high speed. The motor has a high starting torque. It is therefore, used where

Large starting torque is required like in Elevators and Electric Traction.

The load is subjected to heavy fluctuations and the speed is automatically required on sewing machines etc.

Industrial Use : - Electric traction, brands, elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, hair drier, sewing machines etc.

Compound Motors

D. C. Compound Motor is of two types. It is therefore, used where, specification required for particular motor

Differential-compound motors are rarely used because of their poor torque characteristics.

Cumulative-compound motors are used where a fairly constant speed is required with irregular loads or suddenly applied heavy load

Industrial Use: Presses, Shears, Reciprocating Machines etc.

Brushed (Field Energized) Motors (Motors using wound rotors)

The traditional DC motor needs two current supplies, one through the stator windings to provide the magnetic field and the other through the rotor windings to interact with the magnetic field to generate the motive force. There are three ways of accomplishing this, each one resulting in unique characteristic motor performance. Because they all use wound rotors, they all need a commutator to feed the current into the rotor windings.

Speed is controlled by varying the rotor voltage and hence the rotor current, or by varying the magnetic flux in the air gap by changing the current in the field windings.

With access to both the field and rotor windings, all DC motors offer the facility of simple speed and torque control.

Series Wound

The series wound motor has only one voltage supply to the motor and the field winding is connected in series with the rotor winding.

Characteristics

The series motor has poor speed regulation. It delivers increasing torque with increased motor current but this is at the expense of speed which falls with increasing torque demands.

This motor has a very high starting torque because there is zero back EMF at zero speed however as the speed builds up so does the back EMF causing a reduction in torque.

Increasing the load on the motor tends to slow it down, but this in turn lowers back EMF and increase the torque to accommodate the load.

Speed control is possible by varying the supply voltage.

Under no load conditions the speed will accelerate to dangerous levels possibly causing destruction of the motor. The motor can be reversed by reversing the connections on either the field or the rotor windings but not both.

Regenerative braking is not possible since the field current needs to be maintained but it collapses when the rotor current passes through zero and reverses.

Applications

The series DC motor is an industry workhorse for high and low power, fixed, and variable speed electric drives.

Applications range from cheap toys to automotive applications.

They are inexpensive to manufacture and are used in variable speed household appliances such as sewing machines and power tools.

Its high starting torque makes it particularly suitable for a wide range of traction applications.

Shunt Wound

The shunt wound motor also has only one voltage supply to the motor but in this case the field winding is connected in parallel with the rotor winding.

Field Weakening

The speed of a shunt wound motor can be controlled to a limited extent without affecting the supply voltage, by "field weakening". A rheostat in series with the field winding can be used to reduce the field current. This in turn reduces the flux in the air gap and since the speed is inversely proportional to the flux, the motor will speed up. However the torque is directly proportional to the flux in the air gap so that the speed increase will be accompanied by a reduction in torque.

Characteristics

The shunt wound motor turns at almost constant speed if the voltage is fixed. The motor can deliver increasing torque, without an appreciable reduction in speed, by increasing the motor current.

As with the series wound motor, the shunt wound motor can be reversed by reversing the connections on either the field or the rotor windings.

Regenerative braking is possible. Self-excitation maintains the field when the rotor current reverses.

Applications

Fixed speed applications such as automotive windscreen wipers and fans.

Separately Excited

The separately excited motor has independent voltage supplies to the field and rotor windings allowing more control over the motor performance.

Characteristics

The voltage on either the field or the rotor windings can be used to control the speed and torque of a separately excited motor.

Applications

Train and automotive traction applications

Permanent Magnet Motors

As the name implies, these motors use permanent magnets rather than electromagnets to provide either the rotor or the stator field. They are used extensively in small DC motors and to an increasing extent in traction applications.

Rotor Magnets

These are by far the most common types of permanent magnet motors. They have no rotor windings but use permanent magnets to supply the rotor field and they behave like shunt wound DC motors with a fixed shunt current.

Their major advantage is the elimination of the commutator.

Field Magnets

These motors have no field winding but use permanent magnets to provide the magnetic field. Current is still supplied to the rotor via commutator as in other brushed motors and the speed can be controlled by varying the voltage on the rotor windings. In this way their behavior is similar to a series wound DC motor.

Universal Motors

In a series wound DC motor, reversing either the field winding leads or the rotor winding leads will reverse the direction of the motor. However, simply reversing the leads from the power supply will have no effect on the direction of rotation since it is equivalent to reversing the current through both the individual windings - in effect a double reversal. In other words the motor will turn in the same direction even though the current through the series windings is reversed. This means that the motor can run on alternating current as well as direct current since the direction of rotation is independent of the direction of the current through the series windings.

Universal motors are often used in power tools and household appliances such as vacuum cleaners and food mixers.